Who made it?

When a work is not signed, an artwork may be attributed to an artist based on stylistic similarities to other known works. This process, referred to as “connoisseurship,” was once the main method of art historical inquiry. Over time, however, such reliance on the “eye” of experts has been criticized as too subjective. Questions regarding authorship surround several unsigned works in this exhibition, such as a drawing that is currently assigned to the Dutch artist Pieter de Neyn (1597–1639).

Eye level view of nearby ambush
Attributed to Pieter de Neyn (Dutch, 1597–1639), Landscape with Ambush of Travelers, ca. 1617–1639 (active). Black chalk on paper, 28.6 x 17.8 cm. Purchase of the Robert J. Gerberg ’59, P’85 Fund, 1996.9

A moonlit landscape that came to the Picker in 1966 has long been attributed to the Dutch painter Aert van der Neer (c. 1603–1677). An artist’s monogram in the bottom right corner of the painting has in the past been interpreted as being Van der Neer’s. But experts have disputed this attribution since at least 1985.

Eye-level view of river landscape by moonlight
Unknown Artist, previously attributed to Aert van der Neer (Dutch, ca. 1603–1677), River Landscape by Moonlight, possibly nineteenth century. Oil on panel, 57.2 x 80.6 cm. Gift of Herbert Mayer ’29, 1966.1.792

Materials from the Picker’s collection archive demonstrate the history of the authenticity questions surrounding River Landscape by MoonlightThe attribution of this painting to Aert van der Neer dates back to at least 1957, when Herbert Mayer ’29 (1908–1991) acquired the work from its previous owner. 

Front and back views of inventory card, with small reproduction of painting taped to the front
Inventory card, formerly Herbert Mayer Archive. Picker Art Gallery Collection Archive, Object File 1966.1.792.

An undated memo expressing doubts about its authenticity, possibly authored by esteemed conservator Caroline Keck (1908–2007), is the first trace in the Picker’s archive of a different opinion about Moonlight‘s authorship.

Page one of typewritten report with later annotations
Memo, Cooperstown Graduate Program in Conservation, before 1981(?). Picker Art Gallery Collection Archive, Object File 1966.1.792

Former Picker Art Gallery director, Dewey Mosby (1942–2012), discussed a possible publication regarding the painting with Dutch art specialist and former curator of the National Gallery in Washington D.C., Arthur Wheelock, Jr. (b. 1943). As far as we know, however, Wheelock did not write about the work.

Typewritten letter stamped "copy"
Letter, Dewey Mosby to Arthur Wheelock, 1985. Picker Art Gallery Collection Archive, Object File 1966.1.792

In his essay, Anthony F. Janson (b. 1943), is strongly in favor of attributing the painting to Aert van der Neer, and disagrees with the suspicions regarding the work’s relative modernity as expressed by conservators such as Keck. Pigment analysis conducted recently, however, has determined that the work does in fact date to a later period.

Reproduction of first page of essay, with a highlighted section
“Note on the Permanent Collection. An Unpublished Nocturne by Aert van der Neer” by Anthony F. Janson, The Picker Art Gallery Journal, 2001/2002, p. 6

The artist responsible for a portrait of a mysterious lady in red remains unknown, but in the early twentieth century this work was attributed to an unidentified artist known as the Master of the Regent Maria. This pseudonym was first used by art historian Max J. Friedländer (1867–1958), who later proposed this could be William Scrots (active 1537–1551), a Flemish artist who worked both for Mary of Hungary (1505–1558) in Brussels and the Tudor court in London.

Half-length portrait of woman looking at us in three-quarter profile
Unknown Artist, Portrait of a Woman, ca. 1530–1540. Oil on panel, 32.4 x 24.8 cm. Gift of Max Oberlander, 2015.5.1

The caption below an image from the photo documentation archive in the Netherlands Institute for Art History (RKD) indicates that at one point Portrait of a Woman was accompanied by an authentication certificate from Friedländer. Former director of the RKD, Sturla Gudlaugsson (1913–1971; referred to as “S.G.”) interpreted her dress as Swiss or southern-Tyrolean.

black and white image of a half-length portrait of a woman looking at us in three quarter profile, mounted on tan paper with typewritten caption
Photograph of Portrait of a Woman, Photo Documentation Archive, RKD. Digital image courtesy of the Netherlands Institute for Art History (RKD), The Hague

When a work is not signed, an artwork may be attributed to an artist based on stylistic similarities to other known works. This process, referred to as “connoisseurship,” was once the main method of art historical inquiry. Over time, however, such reliance on the “eye” of experts has been criticized as too subjective. Questions regarding authorship surround several unsigned works in this exhibition, such as a drawing that is currently assigned to the Dutch artist Pieter de Neyn (1597–1639).

A moonlit landscape that came to the Picker in 1966 has long been attributed to the Dutch painter Aert van der Neer (c. 1603–1677). An artist’s monogram in the bottom right corner of the painting has in the past been interpreted as being Van der Neer’s. But experts have disputed this attribution since at least 1985.

Materials from the Picker’s collection archive demonstrate the history of the authenticity questions surrounding River Landscape by Moonlight. The attribution of this painting to Aert van der Neer dates back to at least 1957, when Herbert Mayer ’29 (1908–1991) acquired the work from its previous owner. An undated memo expressing doubts about its authenticity, possibly authored by esteemed conservator Caroline Keck (1908–2007), is the first trace in the Picker’s archive of a different opinion about Moonlight‘s authorship.

Former Picker Art Gallery director, Dewey Mosby (1942–2012), discussed a possible publication regarding the painting with Dutch art specialist and former curator of the National Gallery in Washington D.C., Arthur Wheelock, Jr. (b. 1943). As far as we know, however, Wheelock did not write about the work.

In his essay, Anthony F. Janson (b. 1943), is strongly in favor of attributing the painting to Aert van der Neer, and disagrees with the suspicions regarding the work’s relative modernity as expressed by conservators such as Keck. Pigment analysis conducted recently, however, has determined that the work does in fact date to a later period.

Eye level view of nearby ambush
Attributed to Pieter de Neyn (Dutch, 1597–1639), Landscape with Ambush of Travelers, ca. 1617–1639 (active). Black chalk on paper, 28.6 x 17.8 cm. Purchase of the Robert J. Gerberg ’59, P’85 Fund, 1996.9
Eye-level view of river landscape by moonlight
Unknown Artist, previously attributed to Aert van der Neer (Dutch, ca. 1603–1677), River Landscape by Moonlight, possibly nineteenth century. Oil on panel, 57.2 x 80.6 cm. Gift of Herbert Mayer ’29, 1966.1.792
Detail of artist's signature on painting surface
Photomicrographs taken with DinoLite camera by Christine Puza, Williamstown Art Conservation Center.
Front and back views of inventory card, with small reproduction of painting taped to the front
Inventory card, formerly Herbert Mayer Archive. Picker Art Gallery Collection Archive, Object File 1966.1.792.
Page one of typewritten report with later annotations
Memo, Cooperstown Graduate Program in Conservation, before 1981(?). Picker Art Gallery Collection Archive, Object File 1966.1.792
Typewritten letter stamped "copy"
Letter, Dewey Mosby to Arthur Wheelock, 1985. Picker Art Gallery Collection Archive, Object File 1966.1.792
Reproduction of first page of essay, with a highlighted section
“Note on the Permanent Collection. An Unpublished Nocturne by Aert van der Neer” by Anthony F. Janson, The Picker Art Gallery Journal, 2001/2002, p. 6

The artist responsible for a portrait of a mysterious lady in red remains unknown, but in the early twentieth century this work was attributed to an unidentified artist known as the Master of the Regent Maria. This pseudonym was first used by art historian Max J. Friedländer (1867–1958), who later proposed this could be William Scrots (active 1537–1551), a Flemish artist who worked both for Mary of Hungary (1505–1558) in Brussels and the Tudor court in London.

The caption below an image from the photo documentation archive in the Netherlands Institute for Art History (RKD) indicates that at one point Portrait of a Woman was accompanied by an authentication certificate from Friedländer. Former director of the RKD, Sturla Gudlaugsson (1913–1971; referred to as “S.G.”) interpreted her dress as Swiss or southern-Tyrolean.

Half-length portrait of woman looking at us in three-quarter profile
Unknown Artist, Portrait of a Woman, ca. 1530–1540. Oil on panel, 32.4 x 24.8 cm. Gift of Max Oberlander, 2015.5.1
black and white image of a half-length portrait of a woman looking at us in three quarter profile, mounted on tan paper with typewritten caption
Photograph of Portrait of a Woman, Photo Documentation Archive, RKD. Digital image courtesy of the Netherlands Institute for Art History (RKD), The Hague